1/13/2024 0 Comments Charge syndrome blood vessels![]() The deoxygenated blood is oxygenated again in the feto-maternal interface at the level of the placenta. The descending aorta connects to the umbilical arteries and the deoxygenated blood flows back to the placenta. However, in the fetus blood bypasses the lungs and flows through the ductus arteriosus into the descending aorta. In an adult, blood would then flow to the lungs to be oxygenated. When deoxygenated blood returns from the foetal body it enters the right atrium and flows into the right ventricle. The oxygenated blood moves from the left atrium to the left ventricle and into the aorta to the rest of the body. Fetal blood is oxygenated at the feto-maternal interface and shunted from the right atrium to the left atrium via the foramen ovale. This is because circulating blood bypasses the lungs. When the fetus is in the womb, its lungs are not in use. A right-sided aortic arch, coronary artery abnormalities and additional VSDs are associated abnormalities. In addition, the aortic root is enlarged and extends over the right ventricle outflow tract causing the overriding aorta.įinally, right ventricular hypertrophy occurs as a physiological adaptation to increased afterload in the heart. There is narrowing of the pathway from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery which causes pulmonary artery stenosis. Therefore, the spiral septum cannot fuse with the growing muscular ventricular septum causing a ventricular septal defect. However, in Tetralogy of Fallot, the truncus arteriosus fails to divide. Normally, the primitive truncus arteriosus is split in two by the evolving spiral septum. The development of Tetralogy of Fallot begins in utero and is caused by a single developmental error. There are four components of Tetralogy of Fallot (Figure 1):įigure 1. Abnormal coronary artery anatomy (5 to 10%).Tetralogy of Fallot can be associated with the presence of other congenital cardiac abnormalities: 9 Patients need to have at least three of the following characteristics to make a diagnosis of VACTERL association: The exact cause is unknown but microdeletions of the FOX gene cluster at 16q24.1 have been reported to cause VACTERL associations. VACTERL association is a condition that is characterised by the presence of a group of congenital malformations. Atresia choanae (bone blocking the nasal passage which causes difficulty breathing).6Ĭlinical features of CHARGE syndrome include: ![]() CHARGE syndrome occurs in 1:10 000 to 1:15 000 live births. It is caused by a mutation of CHD7 on chromosome 8 in 80 to 90% of cases.
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